In case of a regime change, Russia will not be able to move forward with the current institutional framework and the formal rules. Moreover, a break with Putin’s legacy will be impossible without holding accountable those who were responsible for the war in Ukraine, as well as those who were involved in human rights abuses inside Russia. Data from more than 200 semi-structured in-depth interviews with Russian citizens who fled the country after February 24, 2022, show that the lack of justice is the most important problem to be solved after Putin, followed by the establishment of strong political institutions and the restoration of free elections and basic civil and political rights. The results also show that Russian wartime migrants agree that some form of transitional justice must be implemented against regime representatives. In most cases, migrants support the judicial prosecution of war criminals. Many also suggest that transitional justice in the form of trials, lustration, or purges should target high-profile officials, the security apparatus, and propagandists, but not rank- and-file regime supporters such as the bureaucracy. Migrants’ testimonies about the direction of political reform in post-Putin Russia and the policy towards Putin’s elite should be taken seriously, as these people tend to have strong opinions, supported by their high level of education and desire to improve the Russian state. The views of migrants can be considered a benchmark for planning the design of future political changes in Russia.

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