Western attempts to hit Russia's oil and gas industry in response to Moscow's invasion of Ukraine have saved China nearly $16 billion between March 2022 and June 2024 by purchasing Russia’s oil and fuel exports at below-market prices.

Of the Ukraine policy options available to Biden, staying the course might seem especially attractive, but if the Ukrainian offensive fails, it could weaken the negotiating leverage that the Biden administration is working to amass in Kyiv, while also undercutting political support for Zelensky in Ukraine and in the West.

Eight experts on nuclear nonproliferation, security and the Middle East weigh in on the implications of President Trump’s decision to withdraw from the JCPOA.